“Buy land, they're not making it anymore!” Mark Twain’s wry
observation on the North American land acquisition boom of the late
19th century remains just as pertinent today as it was then. More than a
100 years later, the sheer scale of contemporary global land purchases
and its appropriation from local stakeholders is unprecedented since
the colonial land acquisitions of the late 19th and early 20th
centuries.
Stimulated by a global spike in food prices toward the end of the
first decade of 2000, a number of affluent nation states reliant on
food imports began to buy up large areas of land in the developing
world for agricultural production to achieve their own food security.
Added to this the emergence of the biofuel market, plantation-based
forestry and the increasing expansion of commodity crops such as oil
palm, vast areas of the global forest estate have been transferred from
state control to private ownership, often taking with it valuable
forest resources in the process, notably timber.
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For further reading of “green grabbing” please refer to the following link: http://www.tni.org/interview/
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The economic drivers of such land conversion have been well documented.
Land-rich governments stand to profit from the expansion of
agricultural production, despite the immediate impact on their own
rural populations, who often do not benefit from such economic
development and face annexation from their customary lands.
While the phenomenon of “land grabbing”, as it has become known,
continues unabated, an increasingly subtle and arguably more ethically
questionable movement has gathered momentum. Large tracts of land
across the globe are being appropriated by the environmental agenda, a
process that has found considerable traction with influential
international conservation NGOs. The Guardian journalist John Vidal described this new approach to conservation as “green grabbing”.
Such environmentally driven appropriation is not a new concept. In the late 1980’s the then Earthlife fund was offering private buyers the opportunity to purchase an acre of the newly promulgated Korup National Park in Cameroon
to secure its long-term preservation. The scheme failed for a number
of reasons, but despite early limitations the commodification of nature
that such an initiative represents has become an increasingly
pervasive conservation approach.
Witness, for example, the growth of portals such as the Ecosystems Marketplace,
among others, who advocate that markets for ecosystem services
provided by nature will become fully integrated into our current
economic systems. And as John Vidal reported, buying land for
conservation has become the preserve of the wealthy, looking for an
exclusive and seemingly ethical investment.
In a summary paper in a recent special issue of the Journal of Peasant Studies,
James Fairhead and colleagues catalogue the increasing prevalence of
“green grabbing” and how the environmental sector is influencing how
nature is both perceived and managed. They provide an insightful
analysis of just how far the environmental sector has gone in embracing
the market economy, be it for carbon, biodiversity or ecosystem
services.
Fairhead and colleagues argue that the commoditisation of nature has reflected a global trend towards neoliberalism
where the market defines and arguably dictates what we should value
and what we should not. To that end, payments for environmental
services schemes (PES), Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and
forest Degradation (REDD) and other finance-driven initiatives have
become mainstreamed into the conservation agenda.
Increasingly, nature itself has become a source of profit, bringing
together the strange bedfellows of corporations, land-rich governments,
the banking industry, international conservation NGOs and the donor
community. Given the recent loss of confidence in the global financial
industry and the resultant global recession, it is perhaps surprising
that our shared environmental concerns are being influenced by the need
to integrate markets for carbon and other natural commodities into our
mainstream economies. It would seem money talks. But does it?
Unfortunately, finance-based approaches, no matter how well
intentioned, tend to ride roughshod over the rights of local people.
Appropriation of land without full cognisance of the customary tenure
that rural dwellers have enjoyed for centuries will undoubtedly have
major negative livelihood implications. Although rights-based approaches
to “doing the least harm” with respect to local people are
conceptually well advanced, the reality on the ground is often very
different. Hence the well documented resistance to PES/REDD initiatives by indigenous people who are seeing their land rights infringed upon and livelihoods deleteriously affected.
The primary outcome of Rio +20, where “green economies” were perceived as central to the sustainable development agenda,
has compounded the perception that market-based solutions are the
overriding panacea to the world’s environmental problems. As a result,
some argue that the intrinsic value of nature and respect for local
livelihoods and knowledge systems have been lost to increasingly
influential market-based approaches.
The global market-focused system has been arguably responsible for
overseeing the transformation of almost every ecosystem and biome on
earth. To then turn to the same source to provide sustainable and
equitable solutions to our environmental problems therefore seems
perhaps questionable. Millions of soon-to-be landless people would
surely concur.
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